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1.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep ; 71(5): 177-181, 2022 Feb 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35113851

RESUMO

COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as severe COVID-19-associated outcomes in real-world conditions (1,2). The risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated hospitalization are lower among fully vaccinated than among unvaccinated persons; this reduction is even more pronounced among those who have received additional or booster doses (boosters) (3,4). Although the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant spreads more rapidly than did earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants, recent studies suggest that disease severity is lower for Omicron compared with that associated with the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant; but the high volume of infections is straining the health care system more than did previous waves (5).*,† The Los Angeles County (LAC) Department of Public Health (LACDPH) used COVID-19 surveillance and California Immunization Registry 2 (CAIR2) data to describe age-adjusted 14-day cumulative incidence and hospitalization rates during November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022, by COVID-19 vaccination status and variant predominance. For the 14-day period ending December 11, 2021, the last week of Delta predominance, the incidence and hospitalization rates among unvaccinated persons were 12.3 and 83.0 times, respectively, those of fully vaccinated persons with a booster and 3.8 and 12.9 times, respectively, those of fully vaccinated persons without a booster. These rate ratios were lower during Omicron predominance (week ending January 8, 2022), with unvaccinated persons having infection and hospitalization rates 3.6 and 23.0 times, respectively, those of fully vaccinated persons with a booster and 2.0 and 5.3 times, respectively, those of fully vaccinated persons without a booster. In addition, during the entire analytic period, admission to intensive care units (ICUs), intubation for mechanical ventilation, and death were more likely to occur among unvaccinated persons than among fully vaccinated persons without or with a booster (p<0.001). Incidence and hospitalization rates were consistently highest for unvaccinated persons and lowest for fully vaccinated persons with a booster. Being up to date with COVID-19 vaccination is critical to protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hospitalization.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Los Angeles/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidade do Paciente , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Adulto Jovem
2.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep ; 70(34): 1170-1176, 2021 Aug 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34437525

RESUMO

COVID-19 vaccines fully approved or currently authorized for use through Emergency Use Authorization from the Food and Drug Administration are critical tools for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic; however, even with highly effective vaccines, a proportion of fully vaccinated persons will become infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (1). To characterize postvaccination infections, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (LACDPH) used COVID-19 surveillance and California Immunization Registry 2 (CAIR2) data to describe age-adjusted infection and hospitalization rates during May 1-July 25, 2021, by vaccination status. Whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based SARS-CoV-2 lineages and cycle threshold (Ct) values from qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for two SARS-CoV-2 gene targets, including the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene region and the open reading frame 1 ab (ORF1ab) polyprotein gene region,* were reported for a convenience sample of specimens. Among 43,127 reported SARS-CoV-2 infections in Los Angeles County residents aged ≥16 years, 10,895 (25.3%) were in fully vaccinated persons, 1,431 (3.3%) were in partially vaccinated persons, and 30,801 (71.4%) were in unvaccinated persons. Much lower percentages of fully vaccinated persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 were hospitalized (3.2%), were admitted to an intensive care unit (0.5%), and required mechanical ventilation (0.2%) compared with partially vaccinated persons (6.2%, 1.0%, and 0.3%, respectively) and unvaccinated persons (7.6%, 1.5%, and 0.5%, respectively) (p<0.001 for all comparisons). On July 25, the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among unvaccinated persons was 4.9 times and the hospitalization rate was 29.2 times the rates among fully vaccinated persons. During May 1-July 25, the percentages of B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant infections estimated from 6,752 samples with lineage data increased among fully vaccinated persons (from 8.6% to 91.2%), partially vaccinated persons (from 0% to 88.1%), and unvaccinated persons (from 8.2% to 87.1%). In May, there were differences in median Ct values by vaccination status; however, by July, no differences were detected among specimens from fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, and unvaccinated persons by gene targets. These infection and hospitalization rate data indicate that authorized vaccines were protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 during a period when transmission of the Delta variant was increasing. Efforts to increase COVID-19 vaccination, in coordination with other prevention strategies, are critical to preventing COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/terapia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Los Angeles/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Adulto Jovem
3.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 423(1): 140-6, 2012 Jun 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22634317

RESUMO

During vertebrate heart valve formation, Wnt/ß-catenin signaling induces BMP signals in atrioventricular canal (AVC) myocardial cells and underlying AVC endocardial cells then undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) by receiving this BMP signals. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in numerous developmental processes by regulating gene expression. However, their specific roles in controlling heart valve development are largely unexplored. To investigate the role of HDACs in vertebrate heart valve formation, we treated zebrafish embryos with trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of class I and II HDACs, from 36 to 48 h post-fertilization (hpf) during which heart looping and valve formation occur. Following TSA treatment, abnormal linear heart tube development was observed. In these embryos, expression of AVC myocardial bmp4 and AVC endocardial notch1b genes was markedly reduced with subsequent failure of EMT in the AVC endocardial cells. However, LiCl-mediated activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling was able to rescue defective heart tube formation, bmp4 and notch1b expression, and EMT in the AVC region. Taken together, our results demonstrated that HDAC activity plays a pivotal role in vertebrate heart tube formation by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling which induces bmp4 expression in AVC myocardial cells.


Assuntos
Valvas Cardíacas/embriologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/embriologia , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Acetilação , Animais , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4/biossíntese , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião não Mamífero/metabolismo , Coxins Endocárdicos/embriologia , Endocárdio/embriologia , Endocárdio/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Valvas Cardíacas/anormalidades , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Histona Desacetilases/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Cloreto de Lítio/farmacologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Organogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Organogênese/genética , Receptor Notch1/biossíntese , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/biossíntese , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética
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